ABSTRACTS

TECHNICAL SCIENCES

Alimov V. I., Pushkina O. V., Ponomaryova I. V. Decay diagram of supercooled austenite during sorbitizing in graphite of wire bar for thin high-strength wire // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Studied the austenite decomposition kinetics of deformed high carbon steel during cooling from the austenite region in the medium of powdered graphite on the basis of the data built strain- time diagrams of the pre- cold- steel austenite decomposition. The material was a wire bar for production of high-strength thin steel wire with 0,83 % C, subjected to preliminary cold plastic deformation (PCPD) at a reduction ratio 0–75 %. Diagrams can be used in the theory and technology of thermal processing in the development of new modes and optimizing existing articles of manufacture PCPD-materials, particularly in the steel wire manufacture for high-strength wire.

Markov O. E. Closure of an axial defects during upsetting of workpieces with concave cross-section // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

A new process of shaped workpieces upsetting had been investigated. The new method for a quality increasing of heavy-forgings axial zone had been developed. This method consists in upsetting of ingots which was pre-profiled on four-beam workpiece by convex wedge dies. On based of finite element method an influence of dies wedge angel and a degree of reduction during profiling on a closure of axial defects at upsetting and stress-strain state of workpiece were investigated. The rational geometrical parameters of the four-beam workpieces were established. These parameters promote to maximal closure of the ingots axial defects. Decrease of faces concave-angel increase a value of a compressive stress in the axial zone of the workpiece. Intensive closure of the axial defects during upsetting provide the workpieces which have the angel of convex faces equal to 140…160 ° and the degree of the reduction 15 %.

Aliieva L. I., Martynov S. V., Grudkina N. S., Komirenko A. D. Technological formability in closed die forging of parts as cup with flange // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The stress-strain state of billet in the heart of deformation during combined radial-backward extrusion was investigated. Were studied the features of distribution the hydrostatic pressure and the stiffness index of stress state in dependence on disposition of traceability points. Was determined the most dangerous point from the viewpoint of metal fracture which is located on external surface of billet flange near the bottom end. Simulation of forming process was made by the FEM in Qform 2/3D software. During simulation the plasticity resource of metal completely exhausted Ψ ≥ 1. The results of investigations represented as dependences of plasticity resource from true strain. Based on the conducted investigations it was made the valuation of plasticity resource depletion in the flange zone for different materials.

Savelov D. V. Research of features of interaction of the «vibrating table – metallic powder – loading punch» dynamic system at vibroforming // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Theoretical researches of the dynamic system «vibrating table – metallic powder – loading punch» are conducted in which the metallic powder is presented as a system with distributed parameters. A physical and mechanical model allowing to precisely determine elastic and dissipative forces which act from the powder mixture on the vibrating table at its vertical vibrations and on the loading punch is offered. A rheological model of the metallic powder under compaction allowing to model its elastic and dissipative properties, friction among metallic of the powder and also its plastic deformation of vibroforming is offered. The received theoretical dependences allow to determine the law of moving of any element of the «vibrating table – metallic powder – loading punch» system, the law of motion of the lower layer of the compacted powder and vibrating table taking into account the loading forces and the law of motion of the upper layer of the powder being compacted and the loading punch taking into account the loading forces.

Artamonova D. A., Dubrovsky S. S. Methods of calculating the relative position of surfaces // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Justified by the need to calculate the size of chains. The basic methods of calculating the relative position of surfaces and axle parts in subassemblies. Justified by the need to identify and calculate the angular size of chains to identify the relative displacement of the relative bias and the overall position error, which is currently under development and refinement. Proposed image of the angular size of chains using graph theory, refined expressions for their calculation methods max – min and the probabilistic method, with the inclusion in the calculation of gap and deviations from the position of surfaces. Image shows an illustrative diagram of the angular size of chains, using graph theory.

Bondar E. V. Dependence of dynamic misalignment of the impact of weakening threaded connection rotary machine // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

A statistical analysis is carried out and factors that influence the capability of stationary rotary machinery are identified. The simulation and analysis by finite element method of rotary machine in the SolidWorks Simulation is carried out. The calculation of the value of additional loads from the action of uncontrolled operational factors is carried out and limit values of the allowable loads are identified. The dependence of the effect of the screw joints loosening on the change of elastic-inertial characteristics of the machine design is found. The change in the state of the mechanism according to the operation of uncontrolled operational factors is studied. A complex approach to accident control related to the loosening of screw joints of rotary machine is suggested.

Kiyanovskiy M. V., Cyvinda N. I. Management of a resource of tool plates from cubic nitride of pine forest when processing details from high-manganese the steel // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Analyzes the sources of information attributes functionality of the instrument, as well as methods of diagnostic evaluation studies of nucleation processes of cutting edge defects, damage accumulation, the development of events and achievements chipping emergency conditions. The choice of research method performance monitoring tools during machining of mining and metallurgical equipment of high-manganese steels. Conducted a comprehensive analysis of the impact resistance of cutters with plates of polycrystalline superhard on Materials based on cubic boron nitride on the probability of complete manufacturing operation. The probability of failure-free operation tool.

Kovalevska O. S. Comparative analysis of software products used to create the control of machining in CNC // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

In the article the questions of application of programmatic foods are examined at creation of control program for machine-tools with in CNC. Possibilities of every package of DelCAM, ADEM, Sprut CAM, are analysed. On the example of treatment of cabinet-type detail dignities and lacks of each are shown of the systems. Advantages of the use of package of SprutCAM are educed in relation to the set terms. In the mode of design, there is possibility to control complete 3D model of machine-tool and control of collisions, and also to conduct the correction of present files of tuning to create new. At any moment an operation is ready time to the calculation and does not require the conservative input of great number of parameters. The change of order of technological operations and editing of their parameters are possible on any stage of planning of technological process.

Kovalevsky S. V., Starodubsev I. N., Sevryukova N. V. Research of technological possibilities to increase the hardness and wear resistance of surfaces of machine parts using SHS reactions // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

One of the modern methods of improving the performance of machine parts, cutting tools is the use of SHS reactions. This method allows to increase the performance characteristics such as strength, wear resistance, corrosion resistance. The analysis of the previously used methods of surface hardening of machine parts. A method for surface hardening of machine parts SHS-induced reactions action of energy corona discharge, which will improve the reliability, durability and quality of manufactured products, improve its competitiveness and reduce material costs of production. The experiments revealed increased hardness and abrasion resistance when using the SHS process. The studies showed the effect of SHS mixture and processing conditions on the performance of the machine parts.

Kovalevskiy S. V., Panfilova S. S., Starodubsev I. N. Research of technological operation of hardening of figurine surfaces // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

In the article technological processes of hardening and improvement of surfaces’ quality of machine details which have a difficult form by means of vibroshock processing are investigated. In the course of the analysis of the received results influence of processing on hardness and microgeometry of details’ surfaces was investigated, and also revealed that the most powerful parameters are the frequency and time of carrying out processing. Processing modes at which this type of processing is the most effective are defined. The vibroshock processings method with use of surface-active substances which promotes increase in extent of hardening of surfaces of machine details and improvement of surfaces’ quality is offered.

Kolot L. P., Onishchuk S. G., Borysenko Y. B. Industrial equipment for reliability secure parts for machining // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

In work the new design machine-tool adaptations for fastening of large-sized details at performance of turning, boring, milling operations in the conditions of individual and small-scale manufacture is offered. The hydromechanical cam which at the expense of use of a hydrolayer for power short circuit allows to raise reliability is offered, to reduce auxiliary time and to provide accuracy of installation. At the expense of realisation of basing of details without adjustment the sizes of details turn out automatically. The design of the lathe tool provides a uniform mechanism for securing parts-mounting by pressing evenly compressed springs simultaneously on all three cams, and a number of disc springs depending on the required strength fastening parts ensures reliability of fastening.

Korytko Y. N., Symonova A. A. Control of machining operating modes using genetic algorithms // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The method of genetic algorithms to control the modes of mechanical processing of metals with bulk submicro- and nano-crystalline structure is presented. The genetic operators crossover, mutation, inversion, inbreeding outbreeding are realized and the analyze efficiency of solving optimization problems by different genetic operators in comparison with brute force by increasing the dimension of the problem is held. The recommendations on the use of the method of genetic algorithm for solving optimization problems process machining control are elaborated. The example of using the method of genetic algorithms to find the optimal mode of machining bulk nanomaterials is showed.

Medvedev V. S., Medvedev V. V., Dyachkin B. A. Cognitive models in auxiliary tool design // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Different models at technical system designing are considered, in particular of a module and auxiliary tool. The special attention is paid to cognitive models. They allow taking into account different external factors influencing on auxiliary tool design on a pre-project analysis stage. The cognitive model is developed, which takes into account the influence of technical, organizational and operating factors on design of auxiliary tool for heavy processing centers. Circuits of different module tool designs are drawn up, which take into account predetermined external factors.

Prydalnyy B. I. Clamping mechanism lathe machine with additional support rod // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Considers the problem increasing the amplitude of the rod during its processing on lathe machinesthat arises with increasing frequency of rotation spindle unit. Oscillations in the rod between the support distance causes distortion shapes and sizes of parts worsens conditions transmission of torque to the workpiece, adversely affect the performance and durability of the other elements of the spindle unit. Considers the main construction of mechanisms to reduce vibrations rod during processing on lathes machines. The basic shortcomings of these mechanisms and factors effective clamping rod. On the basis of studies using morphological synthesis created new construction rod clamping mechanism that reduces the amplitude of the oscillation rod during processing.

Sapon S. P., Avanesov Y. V. Experimental determination of the trajectories of the spindle on hydrostatic supports // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The methods of experimental determination of the trajectories of the spindle using a high-precision measurement tools. Shows the structural diagram and description of the experimental complex of means for research precision spindles with hydraulic supports. Shows the trajectories and determined the effect of the rotational speed, the cutting force and the hydrostatic pressure in the pockets of support for the standard deviations of the axis of the spindle. The frequency of rotation has the most influence the dispersion of position of the spindle axis at a constant value of other operating parameters. Stochastic trajectories to justify the feasibility of detection and in-depth analysis of complex events in hydrostatic supports instrumentation with high resolution.

Saunkin V. T., Оnishchuk S. G. Engineering support of precision machining for plunge grinding // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The paper investigated the use of means of active control in automated production. The problems of determining the error handling on automated equipment and the use of active control. The influence of the thermal deformation on the accuracy of treatment are given a graph of the influence of flow on the temperature deformation of the parts, which are encouraged to use when choosing a treatment regimen to minimize thermal distortion of parts in plunge grinding. The methods of evaluation of random and systematic errors in the plunge grinding process, the errors associated with both the equipment used and the measurement errors of means of active control in automated manufacturing. Established in step with increasing plunging stock removal rate and increases feed temperature deformation. To improve the accuracy of treatment necessary to stabilize the temperature of the blanks.

Soshko V. A., Siminchenko I. P., Lyashkov V. S. Initiation and self-acceleration of chemical reactions of surface-active medium at mechanical destruction // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

In this article questions of allocation of hydrogen from the surface-active environment on a surface of being bared forces of communications of deformable metal are considered. Also the issue of transport of hydrogen in metal volume is touched. The role of formation of cracks, as the factor initiating chemical transformations of the surface-active environment is established. The mechanism of chemical activation of the surface-active environment with education at a final stage in active forms of hydrogen and carbon and limitation of the standard theory of the adsorptive fall of durability of deformable metal in the surface-active environment is shown.

Fedorinenko D. Y., Urlina A. A. Analysis of the adjustable hydrostatic bearing surface accuracy // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Proposed methods of measurement of the accuracy of the bearing surface of the elastic hydrostatic bearing adjustable type. The accuracy of the hydrostatic sleeve is estimated by the value of deviation from circularity its support surface. Received circular chart the supporting surface of the sleeve in seventy cross sections. Regularities of the formation of deviations from the roundness of the bearing surface of hydrostatic bearing, due to technological heredity. Executed spectral analysis of the accuracy of the contour of the support surface elastic hydrostatic sleeve. Regularities of the formation of significant amplitudes of the spectrum harmonics of the supporting surface contour of the sleeve. It is shown that the main influence on the accuracy of the bearing surface of the sleeve has its manufacturing technology.

Fedot’ev A. N., Fedot’eva L. P. Ways to improve the workability of high-chromium white irons // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The basic problem of machinability of white high chrome cast iron by different tool materials. Indicated that to improve the workability of high-strength alloys to improve their flexibility and softening in the cutting zone. Considered the most used ways of softening. The prospects of the use of combined methods of treatment using the effects of electric- and magnetoplasticity. Formulates the principles an integrated approach to enhance the machinability high chromium white irons: the use of tool material providing maximum cutting speed for minimum cost and chemically inert to the material to be machined; creation in the cutting conditions that enhance the ductility and softening of the local layer of the workpiece, the energy of additional effects should not increase the energy for processing in general; additional exposure should not affect the performance of instrumental material and does not degrade the performance characteristics of pieces.

Gavryukov A. V. Experimental investigations of lateralbelt rolling off pulley removal of belt on drums with negligible camber // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

This paper presents experimental study of belt rolling off pulley with negligible camber. The pulleys were set on the mobile station of laboratory belt type conveyor and mobile station conveyor with variable length of transportation of the mine named after A. F. Zasyadko. The adequacy of the theoretical dependences describing the transition process of lateral belt rolling with negligible camber while turning is confirmed. It shown that the transition processis described by has been the first order device. Presented studies confirm the adequacy of the theoretical curves, which can be used in the design of automatic centering tape on drums.

Perig A. V., Stadnik A. N., Deriglazov A. I., Podlesny S. V. Dynamics of payload transfer at the cable during pinning point rotation. Part 1. Geometry and differential equations // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The fully non-linear system of ordinary differential equations for relative swaying oscillations of spherical pendulum with three degrees of freedom has been derived through the use of classical and analytical mechanics techniques for the case of uniform crane boom transportable rotation around fixed vertical rotation axis in the relative Cartesian and relative spherical coordinates. The linearized differential equations for payload relative swaying in the relative Cartesian coordinates have been grounded and derived with an introduction of Coriolis dynamical theorem and second-kind Lagrange equations within hypotheses about uniformity of the crane boom transportable rotation and infinitesimality of the relative swaying angle α₁ for payload swaying.

Lutaja A. V., Obuhov A. N. Mathematical model of the electromechanical system of fluctuations of flexible cables of electric arc furnace // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The article is devoted to definition of laws of fluctuations of flexible cables of three phases of an electric arc furnace at occurrence of operational short circuits and arc disruptions. Model of electromechanical fluctuations of flexible cables of the electric arc furnaces is created. The given model allows to consider these revolting influences. The diagnostic of impact of the disturbances in power circuit of the arc steel furnace will improve the quality of power regulation and therefore increase the productivity of the furnace. Received relations of change of the distances between diverging flexible cables give the opportunity to develop energy-efficient regulators of move of electrodes by compensating for these fluctuations. Results of researches can be used for all three-phase electric arc furnaces.

FedorovM. M., Ivchenkov M. V., Tkachenko A. O. Features of the thermal state of the induction motor with input voltage unbalance // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

In the paper is presented calculation of mechanical and electromechanical characteristics of the induction motor with input voltage unbalance. Considered a theoretical method for calculating the average temperatures of induction motor basic nodes in steady state, based on an equivalent thermal equivalent circuit. The calculation of average temperatures of nodes, depending on the coefficient of reverse voltage is provided. Made a qualitative assessment of the possibility of further engine operation at input voltage unbalance. It was shown, that asymmetry with k_2U = 6% and more causes overheating of stator winding.

ECONOMICAL SCIENCES

Belevtsov L. V., Gudkova E. Yu., Sadovets Ya.Yu. Determining the optimal investment project with classic methods and multi expert analysis based on fuzzy logic // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Classic methods for estimating of economic efficiency of investment projects, including static (profibility index, payback period of investment project) and dynamic (net present value of investment project) are considered. Often used criteria of financial efficiency of the investment project are selected. The multicriteria expert analysis on the basis of the fuzzy logic, allowing to consider an uncertainty factor at a choice of the optimum decision is opened. The diagram of the cooperation reflecting the organization of considered methods in system of support of decision-making is developed. Results of work of SSDM for an assessment of investment projects of JSC «Tyazhpromkompleks» are presented.

Bolotina E. V., Kuchma D. A. Institutional matrix society and institute of work // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

This article examines how the term "institutional matrix" and the two great branches of the economy such as market and redistribute. The article provides a key to understanding the differences between the Х-matrices (eastern) and Y-matrices (western). The scientific novelty is associated with an appeal to non-linear methodology to the principles of synergetic non-linear analyses of the problems of social development and the rational assessment of the complex theories and approaches. The study of controversial social and economic processes in the context of non-linear methodology of sociosynergetic and evaluation through the lens of the social subject is a definite step in understanding their nature, more in-depth, a new order. The article is devoted to institutional control of social system and conceptual aspects of the structure of institutional matrix society, with equipmentes of the institute of work.

Vakulenko V. N., Savelieva V. S. Theoretical pre-conditions of forming of social responsibility of student - future manager // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Considered theoretical and methodological background formation of social responsibility of students – the future managers in the educational space of the university. Formation of social responsibility of the student – manager in the educational space of the university is possible due to the introduction of the "psycho-pedagogical assistance", where the main role is given to activity – participation of the teacher as a role model for the formation of strong moral values and patterns of behavior. Social responsibility education students – the future manager is carried out during the module – rating training and optimization of the technology module – rating training through the introduction in the rating assessment of students' knowledge additional indicator "responsibility" along with independence, activity, creativity and regulations get rated knowledge on the indicator.

Galushko E. S., Galushko S. A. Modeling of organizational-economic mechanism of adaptation of industrial enterprise on the basis of networks of neural elements // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The analysis of the dynamics of Ukraine's GDP , expedience development and implementation of tools and mechanisms of adaptation of enterprises to change. Clarified the nature and function of organizational-economic mechanism of adaptation of enterprises to explore the specificity of its simulation based on networks of neural elements. The process of forming a model of organizational-economic mechanism of enterprise networks based on neural elements, comprising: preparing incoming and outgoing data for a neural network, the establishment of a logical connection between them, creating, provisioning and network modeling, adaptation and training, checking network for data not involved training; evaluation of the significance of predictions.

Нalkiv L. I. Demographic determinants of human capital // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The article deals with the analysis of «human capital», «human capital», «demographic potential» categories. The article describes approaches to the selection of people in the population who are carriers of human capital. It analyzes the population dynamics in Ukraine at national and regional levels. Peculiarities of demographic processes as factors of development of human capital are described. Trends in age groups modeled by the author. Author calculated the forecast number of carriers of human capital of Ukraine. Identified problems and risks gradual development of national human capital.

Gridasov V. М. Influence of macroeconomic factors on efficiency of financial investments // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The basic results of estimation of influence of basic macroeconomic factors are presented on efficiency of appeal of financial investments – corporate bonds. To the basic macroeconomic factors, qualificatory the cost of corporate bonds it is possible to take the size of registration rate, inflation rates, et al. It is marked that not macroeconomic factors, and corporate processes of managing subject, influence on the change of profitableness of corporate bonds, namely bonus for a risk to the investor, tax withdrawals from a profit on corporate bonds, and also paying for the services rendered by the professional participants of stock and debt market.

Eskov A. L., Ivanova Е. V. Scientific-methodical going near the choice of scenario of adjusting of economic development of industry of region // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The dynamics of changes in the economic development of Ukraine increases timely the need to choose the strategy, policies and the scenario that shall ensure the economic development of the regions, its sectors and branches. For the decision of this problem the scientific-methodical going is developed near the choice of scenario of adjusting of economic development of industry of region. The pattern of choice of scenario of adjusting of economic development of industry of region is offered. The matrix of choice of base scenario is formed, which will allow to conduct the estimation of institutional environment of region with the purpose of clarification of purpose of economic development of industry of region. Description of scenarios of economic development of industry of region and direction of choice of instruments and methods of government control is resulted with the purpose of providing of possibility of management vehicle to have strategic vision of development and carry out the balanced development in all industries of industry of region simultaneously.

Kolesov S. V., Dubinskaja Е. S. Directions of improvement of accounting of investment and innovation processes in machine-building enterprises // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

With the aim of improving accounting of investment processes was proposed drilling down into the structure of the chart of accounts for bookkeeping in machine-building enterprises to ensure compliance with the methods of accounting of capital investments, according to the legislation of Ukraine on investment activities, and will get, from both external and internal users more complete information concerning the accounting of capital investments. To solve the problems of the innovation expenditure was suggested that the use of synthetic accounts 941 «Innovation expenses», and to ensure the systematization and analysis of information on expenditures accounting of expenditures on this account in the context of groups of innovation expenditure.

Serpukhov M. Y. Assessing the impact of trade wars on the economy // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

Increasing of competition in world markets encourages using of various tools of protectionism in international trade. Collision of economic interests in international trade stimulates the development of trade wars. From the study of trade wars in international trade, established tools of trade wars and possible positive and negative results of using of each instrument of protectionism for national economies. The economic model was built, it based on the definition of protectionism tools and takes into consideration the influence of various factors on the implementation of a trade war. Proposed integrated assessment of the influence of a trade war on the national economy.

Fomichenko I. P., Barkova S. A. Formation of optimal program of the investment of ensuring the development of the capacity of industrial enterprises // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The method was developed for determining the capacity of the enterprise. Proposed dynamic model, which takes into account the impact of change of the potential of structural units at the potential of the enterprise as a whole and allows you to define variants of objects, investment in which is the most optimal. Modern conditions of management in a tough competitive environment forced to constantly make capital expenditures, aimed at the preservation of its capacity, or on the increase. Considering the constant shortage of funds, it is important to identify the priority object of capital investment, to develop an optimal investment program at the plant. Need for evaluation of production potential there is in the development and updating of the strategic development plans of the enterprise, its restructuring, the search for the owner of the options for effective use of enterprise, investment decision, credit check and other economic situations.

Shevchenko V. V., Pleskach V. P., Drobitko I. A. Rationalization activity under present-day conditions: theoretical and practical aspects of organizational decisions application in economics of enterprise // Scientific Herald of the DSEA. – 2013. – № 1 (11Е).

The focus is set on overall impact of rationalization activity on the business entities' economics and the state. Theoretical and practical issues of rationalization and rationalization proposals application under present-day conditions have been analyzed. Particular aspects of production rationalization, systematic best practices of creative field researchers have been considered along with requirements for the proposals to be acknowledged as rationalization ones. There have been specified the principles of rationalization proposals qualification, related to organizational decisions. By the example of mechanical engineering plant «Novokramatorsky mashinostroitelny zavod», the progress of rationalization proposals introduction, as well as their economic benefit level at enterprise have been represented.